نخستین سالنهای سینما
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اوانس اوگانيانس، مهاجرى ارمنى / روس بود، که پس از اتمام تحصيلاتش در رشتهٔ سينما به ايران آمد. اوگانياسن با فکر تأسيس مدرسهٔ سينمايى و سپس توليد فيلم را به مرحلهٔ عمل در آورد. پس از درج اعلان براى براى نخستين دورهٔ مدرسه، نتيجهاى ببار نيامد و با اعلانهاى بعدي، افتتاح مدرسهٔ هنرپيشگى در ۲۰ ارديبهشت ۱۳۰۹ روى داد و سيصد نفر نامنويسى کردند. اما اين دوره را فقط ۱۲ نفر بهپايان رسانيدند. سرانجام دورهٔ دوم نيز پس از چاپ اعلان در جرايد برگزار شد؛ در دورهٔ دوم دروس مختلفى شامل فيلمبرداري، بازيگري، ورزش، موسيقي، رقص، ژيمناستيک، تاريخ لباس و ... تدريس مىشد.
اوگانيانس نتوانست دورهٔ سوم را برگزار نمايد. در سال ۱۳۱۷ به هند رفت تا کار سپنتا را ادامه دهد ولى درگير مسائل سياسى شد. پس از جنگ جهانى دوم به ايران بازگشت و نام خود را پس از گرويدن به اسلام رضا مژده ناميد. بعد از آن نيز چند بار تلاش کرد تا با سينما ارتباط برقرار کند ولى توفيقى نيافت.
Name Charles-Emile Reynaud | Role Inventor | |
Born 8 December 1844 (1844-12-08) Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis, FranceOccupation Science teacher, inventorDied January 9, 1918, Ivry-sur-Seine, FranceSpouse Margueritte Remiatte (m. 1879)People also search for Eadweard Muybridge, Paul Reynaud, Andre Reynaud, Margueritte RemiatteChildren Paul Reynaud, Andre ReynaudMovies Pauvre Pierrot, Autour d\'une cabine, Un bon bock, Le Clown et ses chiens, Reve au coin du feu |
Charles-Émile Reynaud (8 December 1844 – 9 January 1918) was a French inventor, responsible for the first projected animated cartoons. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888, and on 28 October 1892 he projected the first animated film in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This is also notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used.
Reynaud's late years were tragic after 1910 when, his creations outmoded by the Cinematograph, dejected and penniless, he threw the greater part of his irreplaceable work and unique equipment into the Seine. The public had forgotten his "Théâtre Optique" shows, which had been a celebrated attraction at the Musée Grevin between 1892 and 1900. He died in a hospice on the banks of the Seine where he had been cared for since 29 March 1917.
The film frames were not photographed, but painted directly onto the transparent strip. In 1900, more than 500,000 people saw his shows.
Charles-Émile Reynaud Wikipedia
The Lumière brothers were born in Besançon, France to Charles-Antoine Lumière (1840-1911) and Jeanne Joséphine Costille Lumière, who were married in 1861 and moved to Besançon, setting up a small photographic portrait studio where Auguste and Louis were born. They moved to Lyon in 1870, where son Edouard and three daughters were born. Auguste and Louis both attended La Martiniere, the largest technical school in Lyon. Their father Charles-Antoine set up a small factory producing photographic plates, but even with Louis and a young sister working from 5 a.m. to 11 p.m. it teetered on the verge of bankruptcy, and by 1882 it looked as if they would fail, but when Auguste returned from military service the boys designed the machines necessary to automate their father's plate production and devised a very successful new photo plate, 'etiquettes bleue', and by 1884 the factory employed a dozen workers.
It was not until their father retired in 1892 that the brothers began to create moving pictures. They patented a number of significant processes leading up to their film camera, most notably film perforations (originally implemented by Emile Reynaud) as a means of advancing the film through the camera and projector. The original cinématographe had been patented by Léon Guillaume Bouly on 12 February 1892. The brothers patented their own version on 13 February 1895. The first footage ever to be recorded using it was recorded on 19 March 1895. This first film shows workers leaving the Lumière factory.
The Lumières brothers saw film as a novelty and had withdrawn from the film business in 1905. They went on to develop the first practical photographic colour process, the Lumière Autochrome.
The Lumières held their first private screening of projected motion pictures in 1895. This first screening on 22 March 1895 took place in Paris, at the "Society for the Development of the National Industry", in front of an audience of 200 people – among which Léon Gaumont, then director of the Comptoir de la photographie. The main focus of this conference by Louis Lumière were the recent developments in the photograph industry, mainly the research on polychromy (colour photography). It was much to Lumière's surprise that the moving black-and-white images retained more attention than the coloured stills photographs. The American Woodville Latham had screened works of film seven months earlier on 20 May 1895. The first public screening of films at which admission was charged was a program by the Skladanowsky brothers that was held on 1 November 1895, in Berlin.
The Lumières gave their first paid public screening on 26 December 1895, at Salon Indien du Grand Café in Paris. This history-making presentation featured 10 short films, including their first film, Sortie des Usines Lumière à Lyon (Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory).
Each film is 17 meters long, which, when hand cranked through a projector, runs approximately 50 seconds.
It is believed their first film was actually recorded that same year (1895) with Léon Bouly's cinématographe device, which was patented the previous year. The date of the recording of their first film is in dispute. In an interview with Georges Sadoul given in 1948, Louis Lumière tells that he shot the film in August 1894. This is questioned by historians (Sadoul, Pinel, Chardère) who consider that a functional Lumière camera didn't exist before the end of 1894, and that their first film was recorded 19 March 1895, and then publicly projected 22 March at the Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale in Paris. The cinématographe — a three-in-one device that could record, develop, and project motion pictures — was further developed by the Lumières.
The public debut at the Grand Café came a few months later and consisted of the following 10 short films (in order of presentation):
The Lumières went on tour with the cinématographe in 1896, visiting Brussels (the first place a film was played outside Paris on the Galleries Saint-Hubert on 1 March 1896), Bombay, London, Montreal, New York City and Buenos Aires.
The moving images had an immediate and significant influence on popular culture with L'Arrivée d'un Train en Gare de la Ciotat (literally, "the arrival of a train at La Ciotat", but more commonly known as Arrival of a Train at a Station) and Carmaux, défournage du coke (Drawing out the coke). Their actuality films, or actualités, are often cited as the first, primitive documentaries. They also made the first steps towards comedy film with the slapstick of L'Arroseur Arrosé.
The brothers stated that "the cinema is an invention without any future" and declined to sell their camera to other filmmakers such as Georges Méliès. This made many film makers upset. Consequently, their role in the history of film was exceedingly brief. In parallel with their cinema work they experimented with colour photography. They worked on a number of colour photographic processes in the 1890s including the Lippmann process (interference heliochromy) and their own 'bichromated glue' process, a subtractive colour process, examples of which were exhibited at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1900. This last process was commercialised by the Lumieres but commercial success had to wait for their next colour process. In 1903 they patented a colour photographic process, the Autochrome Lumière, which was launched on the market in 1907. Throughout much of the 20th century, the Lumière company was a major producer of photographic products in Europe, but the brand name, Lumière, disappeared from the marketplace following merger with Ilford. They also invented the colour plate which really got photography on the road.
The Lumière Brothers were not the only ones to claim the title of the first cinematographers. The scientific chronophotography devices developed by Eadweard Muybridge, Étienne-Jules Marey and Ottomar Anschütz in the 1880s were able to produce moving photographs, as was William Friese-Greene's 'chronophotographic' system, demonstrated in 1890.Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope (developed by W K-L Dickson), premiered in 1891.
Since 1892, the projected drawings of Émile Reynaud's Théâtre Optique were attracting Paris crowds to the Musée Grévin. Louis Le Prince and Claude Mechant had been shooting moving picture sequences on paper film as soon as 1888, but had never performed a public demonstration. Polish inventor, Kazimierz Prószyński had built his camera and projecting device, called Pleograph, in 1894. Max and Emil Skladanowsky, inventors of the Bioscop, had offered projected moving images to a paying public one month earlier (1 November 1895, in Berlin). Nevertheless, film historians consider the Grand Café screening to be the true birth of the cinema as a commercial medium, because the Skladanowsky brothers' screening used an extremely impractical dual system motion picture projector that was immediately supplanted by the Lumiere cinematographe.
Although the Lumière brothers were not the first inventors to develop techniques to create motion pictures, they are often credited as among the first inventors of the technology for cinema as a mass medium, and are among the first who understood how to use it.
Awarded for Best ActressPresented by AVN Media NetworkCurrently held by Penny Pax | Country United StatesFirst awarded 1984 (1984)Official website avnawards.avn.com |
The AVN Award for Best Actress is an award that has been given by sex industry company AVN since the award ceremony's inception in 1984. As of January 2016, the titleholder is Penny Pax.
AVN Award for Best Actress Wikipedia
Country United StatesFirst awarded 1984 (1984)Official website avnawards.avn.com | Presented by AVN Media NetworkCurrently held by Kleio Valentien |
Awarded for Best Supporting Actress |
The AVN Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award that has been given by sex industry company AVN since the award ceremony's inception in 1984. As of January 2016, the titleholder is Kleio Valentien.
Country United StatesFirst awarded 2003 (2003)Official website avnawards.avn.com | Presented by AVN Media NetworkCurrently held by Misha Cross |
Awarded for Female Foreign Performer of the Year |
The AVN Award for Female Foreign Performer of the Year is an award that has been given by sex industry company AVN since the award's inception in 2003. French-born actress Katsuni has won the award three times, while Hungarian-born Aleska Diamond and French-born Anissa Kate have each won the award twice.
As of January 2016, the titleholder is Polish-born actress Misha Cross.
AVN Award for Female Foreign Performer of the Year Wikipedia
Sponsored by Adult Video NewsCountry United StatesReward(s) Trophy | Location Las Vegas, NevadaPresented by Adult Video New |
First awarded 1984; 33 years ago (1984) |
The AVN Awards are movie awards sponsored and presented by the American adult video industry trade magazine AVN (Adult Video News) to recognize achievement in various aspects of the creation and marketing of American pornographic movies. They are called the "Oscars of porn".
The awards are divided into nearly 100 categories, some of which are analogous to industry awards offered in other film and video genres and others that are specific to pornographic/erotic film and video.
AVN sponsored the first AVN Awards ceremony in February 1984. The award ceremony occurs in early January during the AVN Adult Entertainment Expo in Las Vegas, Nevada. Since 2008, the ceremony has aired in a form edited for time on Showtime, which is usually broadcast in a 90-minute time slot.
Awards for gay adult video were a part of the AVN Awards from the 1986 ceremony through the 1998 ceremony. The increasing number of categories made the show unwieldy. For the 1999 ceremony AVN Magazine began hosting the GayVN Awards, an annual adult movie award event for gay adult video. However, it appears that the GayVN Awards have been discontinued; the last award year was 2010.
Originally, the awards show was part of the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, but it grew and garnered more attention over time, allowing it to be established as a separate event in the 1990s. The event started out as the "Adult Software exhibition" of the show, which attracted as many as 100,000 visitors in addition to those attending CES. When the show became a separate event, it initially moved to Caesar's Palace, but it has since moved to other Las Vegas venues.
A writer from Los Angeles magazine made the claim in 2006 that awards often go to consistent advertisers in AVN magazine. In his article, the writer stated: "Imagine the editors of Variety choosing the Academy Award nominations—then handing out Oscars to the winners—and you have a pretty good idea of how much manipulation can go on behind the scenes during the run-up to the AVNs. [...] Actresses trying to secure a nomination stop in to schmooze at the magazine's Chatsworth offices. [An agency] client once presented dolls of herself to editors and writers. Another baked cookies". Similar allegations have been made regarding the Academy Award nominations and influencing Academy member voting that date back to at least 1988 with regard to movies such as Rain Man.
In 2013, actress Tanya Tate offered some insights into the industry in an interview with the Huffington Post about the 30th AVN Awards at which she was nominated for an award. She stated: "If you are more popular with the fans, companies are more likely to book you for their production", "Being nominated for awards help build your recognition with your fan base. People that win male and female performer of the year are generally solid consistent talent that are open to many 'levels', and some of these performers already have higher basic rates than others".
The following is a list of the winners in the major categories for the AVN Awards.